Here is a picture of potential pump options - three dc motors - one ac. All are the centrifugal type meaning they have a rotating impeller. This type of pump has a longer life than a positive displacement type of pump, The DC pumps are submersible. The AC pump is a circulator pump. Costs range from $6 to $60 and powers range from about three Watts to 30 Watts. The 6.5 w was the most inexpensive but is not built for high temperatures. My suspicion is that the smallest pump 1/liter per minute will provide enough flow to provide only a small increase in temperature at full sun. I can estimate the temperature rise at an assumed flow rate. If the temperature rise is low and the pump meets the pressure requirements, I will use the one that consumes the least energy. I am uncertain if any of these pumps will be sufficient if immersed in a preheat tank pressurized at 160 psi. An advantage of the centriugal pump is that they can be placed in series and if there is a failure in one, the other can pump thru to provide a redundancy in the system.
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